Nihongo Nihongo
Minna no Nihongo Lesson 39 Grammar
1.
Vて-formVない-formなくてい-adj (～い) → ～くてな-adj [な] → で |
、～ |
In this sentence pattern, the first part of the sentence presents a cause and the second part presents the consequence produced by the cause. Unlike ～からthat you learned in Lesson 9, this pattern has many constraints over its usage.
1) The words which come in the latter part are limited to those words which do not contain volition:
– Verbs and adjectives to express feelings, such as びっくりする, あんしんする, こまる, さびしい, うれしい, ざんねんだ, etc.:
ニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。
I was surprised to hear the news.
家族に会えなくて、寂しいです。
I’m sad because I can’t meet my family
– Potential verbs and verbs to express states:
土曜日は都合が悪くて、行けません。
Saturday is inconvenient for me, so I cannot come.
話が複雑で、よくわかりませんでした。
The story was complicated, so I could not understand it well.
– Situations in the past:
事故があって、バスが遅れてしまいました。
The bus was delayed by an accident.
授業に遅れて、先生にしかれました。
I was late for the lesson, so I was scolded by my teacher.
2) Expressions containing volition (will, orders, invitation or request) are not used in the latter part of the sentence. When the latter part of the sentence contains volition, the phrase with てcannot be used and instead the phrase withから is used.
危ないですから、機械に触らないでください。
It is dangerous, so please do not touch the machine.
ｘ 危なくて、機械に触らないでください。
3) In this sentence pattern, the first part and the second part of the sentence are sequential events. In other words, the first part takes place first and the second part takes place after that.
あした会議がありますから、きょう準備しなければなりません。
The meeting will be held tomorrow, so we have to make preparations for it today.
ｘ あした会議があって、きょう準備しなければなりません。
2. Nで
The particleで that you learn in this lesson indicates a cause. Nouns used in this case are those which indicate natural phenomena, happenings, events such as じこ, じしん, かじ, etc. As with sentence pattern in 1., in this construction expressions containing volition are not used as predicates.
地震でビルが倒れました。
Because of the earthquake, a building collapsed.
病気で会社を休みました。
Because of illness, I took a day off work.
ｘ 病気であした会社を休みたいです。
3. Plain form ので、～
な-adj / N：～だ à ～な
Like～から that you learned in Lesson 9, ～のでindicates causes and reasons. While ～からsubjectively highlights a cause or a reason, ～のでobjectively presents a cause and effect relationship as a natural course of events. As the use of ～のでsoftens the view of the speaker, leaving a weak impact on the listener, it is often used to express a reason gently, to ask for permission or to make an excuse.
日本語がわからないので、英語で話していただけませんか。
I don’t understand Japanese, so would you please speak in English?
用事があるので、お先に失礼します。
May I leave now? I have something to do.
As it is soft expression, it is not used with the imperative or the prohibitive forms.
危ないから、機械に触るな。
Don’t touch the machine because it’s dangerous.
ｘ 危ないので、機械に触るな。
[Note]ので is used with the plain form as shown above. In more polite expressions, however, it can be used with the polite form.用事がありますので、お先に失礼します。
（＝用事があるので、お先に失礼します。）
May I leave now? I have something to do.
4. 途中で
とちゅうでmeans “during” or “on the way to”. It follows V dictionary form or N の.
実は来る途中で事故があって、バスが遅れてしまったんです。
Actually, on my way here there was an accident and the bus was delayed.
マラソンの途中で気分が悪くなりました。
I got sick during the marathon.
Related Post: Minna no Nihongo Lesson 39 Vocabulary
