Minna No Nihongo Lesson 30 Grammar

Minna No Nihongo Lesson 30 Grammar

Minna No Nihongo Lesson 30 Grammar

1. Vて-formあります

Vて-formあります indicates the state which results as a consequence of an action intentionally done by somebody. The verbs used here are transitive verbs that express intentions.

1) N₁ にN₂ がVて-form あります

机の上にメモが置いてあります。(*)

There is a memo put on the desk.

カレンダーに今月の予定が書いてあります。(**)

This month’s schedule is written on the calendar.

In (*), it is indicated that someone put a memo on the desk (for later use) and as a result the memo exists as it was put. (**) indicates that someone wrote this month’s schedule on the calendar (so as not to forget it) and as a result the schedule is written on the calendar.

2) N₂は N₁ Vて-formあります

This sentence pattern is used when N₂ in sentence pattern 1) is taken up as a topic.

メモはどこですか。

[メモは]机の上に置いてあります。

Where is the memo?

It’s been put on the desk.

今月の予定はカレンダーに書いてあります。

This month’s schedule has been written on the calendar.

3) Vて-formあります is used to express the state of the result of what somebody did for some purpose. So it can also express, as in (i) and (ii), that some preparation has been done. It is often used with もう.

誕生日のプレゼントはもう買ってあります。

I have already bought the present for her birthday. (i)

ホテルはもう予約してあります。

I have already reserved a hotel. (ii)

[Note] The difference between Vて-form いますand Vて-form あります

窓が閉まっています。

The window is closed. (x)

窓が閉めてあります。

The window has been closed (for some purpose). (y)

(x) simply describes the state that the window is closed, while (y) implies that somebody (it could be the speaker himself) closed the window with some objective or intention in mind. Most verbs used in Vて-form いますare intransitive, while verbs used in Vて-formあります are transitive.

2. Vて-form おきます

This sentence pattern means:

1) Completion of a necessary action by a given time

旅行のまえに切符を買っておきます。

I’ll buy a ticket before the trip.

次の会議までに何をしておいたらいいですか。

この資料を読んでおいてください。

What should I do before the next meeting?

Read these materials.

2) Completion of a necessary action in readiness for the next use or the next step.

はさみを使ったら、元の所に戻しておいてください。

When you finish using the scissors, put them back where they were.

30) Keeping the resultant state as it is.

あした会議がありますから、いすはこのままにしておいてください。

Please leave the chairs as they are because a meeting will be held here tomorrow.

3. まだV (affirmative) still V

まだ雨が降っています。

It’s still raining.

道具を片づけましょうか。

まだ使っていますから、そのままにしておいてください。

Shall I put away the tools?

No, leave them there. I’m still using them.

まだabove means “as yet” or “still” and indicates that the action or the state is continuing.

4. それは～

ブロードウェイでミュージカルを見たいと思うんですが…。

それはいいですね。

I’d like to see a musical on Broadway…

That sounds nice.

来月から大阪の本社に転勤なんです。

それはおめでとうございます。

I will be transferred to the Osaka head office next month.

Congratulations!

時々頭や胃が痛くなるんです。

それはいけませんね。

Sometimes I have pains in my stomach and head.

That’s bad.

それabove refers to what is stated just before.

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